The valve DAC - Submicron silicon meets submillimetre vacuum

Despite the increasing popularity of gramophone records, many recordings are still only distributed digitally. This must be frustrating to those audio enthusiasts who prefer valve electronics over transistorized circuitry. Although Marcel believes that excellent audio equipment can be made using solid-state technology, he considers it a nice intellectual challenge to see how far he could get with building a DAC that has all critical analogue and mixed-signal functions realized in valve technology.